Check out these basic Karate stances to take your opponent down hard! In Karate-Do Kyohan, Funakoshi quoted from the Heart Sutra, which is prominent in Shingon Buddhism: "Form is emptiness, emptiness is form itself" (shiki zokuze k k zokuze shiki). The legend goes on to state that many of the modern Okinawan weapons (some of which are used in Karate) were based on farm tools since that was all they had on hand. Other styles such as Wado Ryu, Goju Ryu and Shito Ryu, are present and well established in Italy, while Shotokan remains the most popular. Okinawa is the birthplace of karate. It was changed to a homophone meaning empty hand () in 1935. Influenced by this practice, in recent times karate has begun to be written with the character to give it a sense of class or elegance. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfather of Modern Karate."[24]. Testing consists of demonstration of techniques before a panel of examiners. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It is affiliated with another of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). This then became an annual event, 1958 The first karate club in the UK was opened, 1955 The first karate club opened in France, 1969 The first karate school opened in the former Soviet Union, 1970 The Word Karate Federation was established, 1981 Karate was banned in the Soviet Union. Funakoshi had trained in two of the popular branches of Okinawan karate of the time, Shorin-ry and Shrei-ry. One surviving example is the Motobu-ry school passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara. I hope you enjoy the content on The Karate Blog and are impassioned and empowered by what you read here. karate, (Japanese: empty hand) unarmed martial-arts discipline employing kicking, striking, and defensive blocking with arms and legs. For other uses, see, Funakoshi, Gichin. The year 1340 was the beginning of a long relationship between Okinawa and Ming Dynasty China that lasted around five hundred years. The bout runs for a fixed time (2 to 3 minutes.) Ky ranks stress stance, balance, and coordination. Page 4. [68] From 1910 until 1945, Korea was annexed by the Japanese Empire. In 1609, the Satsuma clan of southern Japan invaded Okinawa and stormed Shuri. This will vary by school, but testing may include everything learned at that point, or just new information. Tae Kwon Do The fighting spirit of the individual is just as important as performing flawless techniques. The Philippines has its own martial art originating there: Arnis, Sikaran, Dumog, Kinamutay, Panantukan, and Yaw Yan. As a result of king Sho Shins weapon ban, two schools of combats were born. During the time when admiration for China and things Chinese was at its height in the Rykys it was the custom to use the former character when referring to things of fine quality. Many Karate students and masters before you have proudly worn their belts, joining a long line of honorable people throughout history. He stated that Karate practitioners must "never be easily drawn into a fight." Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In 1989, karate practice became legal again, but under strict government regulations, only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 did independent karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national tournaments in authentic styles began. As an answer to this, full contact styles of Karate have been developed. Bell had been corresponding with the JKA in Tokyo asking for his grades to be ratified in Shotokan having apparently learnt that Murakami was not a designated representative of the JKA. Examples of these weapon tools include the b (six-foot staff), sai (three-pronged truncheon), tonfa (handled club), kama (sickle), and nunchaku (two sticks connected by chains or ropes). Sport organizations use different competition rule systems. And its origins are not in mainland Japan at all: It was born in the archipelago of Okinawa, a long-independent kingdom. Karate () (/ k r t i /; Japanese pronunciation: (); Okinawan pronunciation:) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom.It developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called te (), "hand"; tii in Okinawan) under the influence of Chinese martial arts, particularly Fujian White Crane. An introduction to sport karate can be found here: The real story of Okinawan Karate has been lost to history. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. These masters taught Chinese Kempo to Okinawan noblemen. He introduced a series of exercises consisting of 18 katas and 2 sutras, called Ekkinkyo and Senzuikyo in Japanese. [61][62][63], Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country. We hope you'll find something here that is helpful to your karate journey. [29] Sport Karate emphasizes aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, power, agility, flexibility, and stress management. This is where stories emerge of people practicing at night where they were less likely to be seen. While all the details are not specifically known, you can still be proud of the heritage behind the art. Chinese delegations were regularly sent to Okinawa and amongst the delegates were many masters of Chinese Kempo and other skilled practitioners. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Karate has a colorful history. It is considered the mother of all martial arts and is believed to be one of the oldest surviving martial arts with over 3000 years of history. [76] Outside of the Shotokan stable of karate styles, Wado Ryu Karate was also an early adopted style in the UK, introduced by Tatsuo Suzuki, a 6th Dan at the time in 1964. Karate can help a small minority of Why Strength Training Is Important for Your Karate. Practitioners learn strong physical techniques of self-defense. The Okinawan art that developed into Karate was heavily mixed with Chinese martial arts or Kung Fu. Emphasis is on concentrating as much of the bodys power as possible at the point and instant of impact. In 1964, Takayuki Kubota relocated the International Karate Association from Tokyo to California. While there he studied under Sh Shiwa (Chinese: Zhou Zihe 18741926). (Though being struck by a Kung Fu martial artist is anything but soft.). France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima. Kata (:) means literally "shape" or "model." Wishing to further spread karate in mainland Japan amid escalating military tension with China at the time, in 1936, the maters of various styles of Okinawan karate decided to change the name to (empty hand) both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese, 1945 Okinawa became an important US military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there. Pine boards up to several inches in thickness can be broken by the bare hand or foot of an expert. In addition to the three early te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan influence is that of Uechi Kanbun (18771948). The name Tudi emerged, or Okinawan martial arts. [82] The success of The Karate Kid further popularized karate (as opposed to Asian martial arts more generally) in mainstream American popular culture. "Karate-d Kyohan The Master Text" Tokyo. A kata in the Shuri-te style is named after this Kempo master. It teaches us that even oppressed people can have an impact on the rest of the world for generations. Karate find is origins in China where it was developed under the name Kung-Fu and later, throughout extensive cultural and economic exchanges with the Ryukyu Kingdom - present-day Okinawa - it developed into a martial art known as Tode or Te, the ancestor of Karate. Karate styles place varying importance on kihon. However, if you want to put a date on it, Karate got its modern name in 1936. While in elementary school, he became friends with the son of martial artist Anko Asato and started karate training with Asato. An earlier significant split from the KUGB took place in 1991 when a group led by KUGB senior instructor Steve Cattle formed the English Shotokan Academy (ESA). It is used in many martial arts that survived Japan's transition from feudal culture to modern times. Gichin Funakoshi, the founder of Shotokan karate, is generally credited with having introduced and popularized karate on the main islands of Japan. Karate Competition Areas have a competition length and width of 26.25' (8 m) for a contest area of 689 ft . ", "WUKF World Union of Karate-Do Federations", "IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020", "Olympics: Baseball/softball, sport climbing, surfing, karate, skateboarding at Tokyo 2020", "Technique Talk: Stephen Thompson Retrofits Karate for MMA", "Lyoto Machida and the Revenge of Karate", "Contender Shores Up Karate's Reputation Among U.F.C. In addition, many Okinawans were actively teaching, and are thus also responsible for the development of karate on the main islands. From Jujutsu Kyoju-sho Ryu no Maki (Skaku 1913) There is an old Okinawan story about a 19th century marital arts master who was challenged to a duel by another karate-ka. Thus the word "karate" was originally a way of expressing "martial art from China.". According to some sources, in 1392, there were 36 Chinese families who migrated to Okinawa from Fujian province for the purpose of cultural and commercial exchange under orders from the Chinese government. In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee approved karate as an Olympic sport beginning at the 2020 Summer Olympics. He founded the International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF). The Empire of Japan annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom in 1879. Early History of Shotokan. However, as I wrote briefly in this post, the spread of karate to mainland Japan has resulted in a karate style that is distinctively different from the traditional Okinawan karate. In 1961, Hidetaka Nishiyama, a co-founder of the Japan Karate Association (JKA) and student of Gichin Funakoshi, began teaching in the United States. Although it was initially decried by critics as a brutal blood sport without rules, MMA gradually shed its no-holds-barred image and emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing . These Masters maintained always a strong link between them, the JKA and the others JKA masters in the world, especially Hidetaka Nishiyama in the US. The exercises he taught the Shaolin monks were thought to be based on Kalaripayattu principles. [26] He later developed his own style of Uechi-ry karate based on the Sanchin, Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in China.[27]. Karate continued to evolve, and as popularity spread to the west in the late 1960s and early 1970s as Japanese instructors moved overseas, an increasing sport element developed into the martial art we know today. Karate Philosophy participates in affiliate programs and we may earn an affiliate commission at no additional cost to you whatsoever when you buy through certain links on our site, thank you! Contestants are encouraged to pull their punches and matches are judged based on skill and technique. The recording of information through physical movement is an ancient practise. Rather, Karate was slowly developed and its practitioners were influenced by a variety of sources over a period of centuries. This means that the movements are sharp and crisp as opposed to the circular soft movements of martial arts like Kung Fu. Due to the previous period of social and political instability in Okinawa, after King Sho Shin took reign in 1477, he passed a law to ban the carrying of swords by everyone, noble or peasant. "Karate-d Kyohan The Master Text" Tokyo. Youll also hear them yell sharply when striking, letting their inner power spill out and pour into the target. The founder of Shotokan karate, Gichin Funakoshi, was born at this time and began karate training at a young age. In this context d is usually translated as "the way of ___". Examples include aikido, judo, kyd and kendo. They prohibited the Okinawans from practicing martial arts during this period to more easily control the populace. After regaining independence from Japan, many Korean martial arts schools that opened up in the 1940s and 1950s were founded by masters who had trained in karate in Japan as part of their martial arts training. After that, a myriad of colours were added. It was imported into Japan in the 1920s. He was the founder of Shotokan Karate (one of the most popular styles of Karate) and is responsible for bringing Karate to Japan. [citation needed]. Karate blocking techniques are also found in some Babylonian artworks dating back 3000 to 2000 B.C. Karate began as a common fighting system known as te (Okinawan: ti) among the Pechin class of the Ryukyuans. Where did Karate come from? During this time period, prominent teachers who also influenced the spread of karate in Japan included Kenwa Mabuni, Chjun Miyagi, Chki Motobu, Kanken Tyama, and Kanbun Uechi. Here are some answers to frequently asked questions. As growing nationalism and anti-Chinese sentiment grew in Japan in advance of the second world war, the name tang hand (due to its associations with China) was abandoned and replaced with the name Karate, a Japanese word meaning empty hand. Gichin Funakoshi ( ) said, "There are no contests in karate. It is understood that one blow from a real expert could mean death. Historically, and in some modern styles, grappling, throws, joint locks, restraints and vital-point strikes are also taught. In 1966, he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation. Yoseikan had been founded by Minoru Mochizuki, a master of multiple Japanese martial arts, who had studied Karate with Gichin Funakoshi, thus the Yoseikan style was heavily influenced by Shotokan. [16], Karate was originally written as "Chinese hand" (, literally "Tang dynasty hand") in kanji. They decided to call their art "karate" written in Japanese characters as "" (empty hand).[19]. In 1901, Itosu helped to get karate introduced into Okinawa's public schools. The nigiri game is a large jar used for developing grip strength. Fighting and wars have been an integral part of human history dating back thousands of years B.C. It was brought to Japan in the early 1900s where it was refined into the modern Karate that we see today. The first documented use of a homophone of the logogram pronounced kara by replacing the Chinese character meaning "Tang Dynasty" with the character meaning "empty" took place in Karate Kumite written in August 1905 by Chmo Hanashiro (18691945). This was not when karate first began to be developed, however. Dangerous movements are prohibited and contestants penalized if they accidentally execute an illegal move. One of his students was the founder of Goj-ry, Chjun Miyagi. This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. It was brought to Japan in the early 1900s where it was refined into the modern Karate that we see today. In full contact karate kumite, points are based on the results of the impact, rather than the formal appearance of the scoring technique. I hope you find something interesting reading this brief history of karate. Karate is a hard style of Japanese martial arts. Bunkai is a useful tool to understand a kata. In free sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the two participants have a free choice of scoring techniques. Drawings of men in karate-like stances are found on the wall of an ancient Egyptian tomb dated around 5000 years ago. Finally, advanced students will be taught techniques to defend themselves without using weapons like locking, gripping, and throwing. The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate organization and is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as being responsible for karate competition in the Olympic Games. Kenpo Karate Guide. [69] In the mid-1950s, the martial arts schools were unified under President Rhee Syngman's order, and became taekwondo under the leadership of Choi Hong Hi and a committee of Korean masters. However, mainstream Western audiences at the time generally did not distinguish between different Asian martial arts such as karate, kung fu and tae kwon do.[52]. Because of its emphasis on physical, full-force sparring, Kyokushin is now often called "full contact karate", or "Knockdown karate" (after the name for its competition rules). Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as hojo undo. Japan was invading China at the time, and Funakoshi knew that the art of Tang/China hand would not be accepted; thus the change of the art's name to "way of the empty hand." Traditional karate vs sport karate is a big topic on its own and I might write a separate post on this one day. As the story goes, this fed the interest in martial arts as people were looking for a weaponless way to defend themselves. This continued until Okinawa became a prefecture of Japan in 1879. Hello! In 1961, Edward Ainsworth, another blackbelt Judoka, set up the first Karate study group in Ayrshire, Scotland having attended Bell's third 'Karate Summer School' in 1961.[76]. This led to a surge in popularity and Gichins style became known as Shotokan Karate with other styles following to mainland Japan shortly after. In 1477, King Sh Shin banned the use of weapons in Okinawa. Due to past conflict between Korea and Japan, most notably during the Japanese occupation of Korea in the early 20th century, the influence of karate in Korea is a contentious issue. [65], In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton. Free sparring is performed in a marked or closed area. With roots in East Asia and Japan, modern Karate is now practiced all over the world. Yudansha typically wear a black belt. There are also many technical differences between traditional Okinawan karate and modern Japanese karate. Indigenous martial arts of Ryukyu Islands, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Japanese martial arts Philosophical and strategic concepts, "Here's how US Marines brought karate back home after World War II", "Dr. Gary J. Krug: the Feet of the Master: Three Stages in the Appropriation of Okinawan Karate Into Anglo-American Culture", "International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF)", "Which Kind of Karate Has Olympic Chops? The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used. Naha-te later became Goju Ryu while Shuri-te and Tomari-te later came together as Shorin Ryu. Te was first practiced among the Pechin class of Okinawa which comprised a feudal cadre of officials and warriors and was equivalent to the Samurai of Japan. If you find our site useful, please consider sharing it with your fellow martial artists, we'll be very grateful. There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. The tournament may be exclusively for members of a particular style (closed) or one in which any martial artist from any style may participate within the rules of the tournament (open). The argument is that contestants are practicing for defeat on the street. The Karate Kid (1984) and its sequels The Karate Kid, Part II (1986), The Karate Kid, Part III (1989) and The Next Karate Kid (1994) are films relating the fictional story of an American adolescent's introduction into karate. Depending upon style, take-downs, sweeps and in some rare cases even time-limited grappling on the ground are also allowed. In simplistic terms, you can say that Karate is a fusion of Kung Fu and Okinawan martial arts with some Japanese flair. After a long break, I've recently returned to karate and now train in Goju Ryu style with my children, starting all over again from a white belt. Kumite is practiced both as a sport and as self-defense training. [6] In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[7] the name was changed from ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand")[8] to ("empty hand") both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style. Timing, tactics, and spirit, however, are each considered at least as important as physical toughening. The time can run continuously (iri kume) or be stopped for referee judgment. However, in 1965 Taiji Kase came from Japan along with Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italy respectively, and karate came under the influence of the JKA. Funakoshi did not consider it unusual for a devotee to use Karate in a real physical confrontation no more than perhaps once in a lifetime. Shintani died 7 May 2000.[64]. Although there isn't written evidence, many people believe Because of increasing Japanese influence, the label of te was eventually lengthened to karate-jutsu (Chinese hand art). During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America. [55] [34][38][40][41][42] Light contact rules are used by the WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC. He also ordered the confiscation of all weapons which were then placed under royal control at his castle in Shuri. Traditional karate places emphasis on self-development (bud). Another example is Kusanku. As a result, they came up with Karate, which means "empty hands" in Japanese. Dan-grade karateka are referred to as yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Students will first learn physical exercises to strengthen the body and mind before proceeding to wooden weapons and then metallic weapons. In 1957, Ohshima received his godan (fifth-degree black belt), the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. However, unlike MMA where fights can sometimes turn brutal, Kumite is a bit more civilized. [34] These organizations sometimes cooperate in non-style specific sport karate organizations or federations. Sino-Japanese relations have never been very good and especially at the time of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, referring to the Chinese origins of karate was considered politically incorrect. However, you would be forgiven for wondering if Karate is Chinese. Karate is made up of various kihon, or basics, and modern karate utilizes a rank scheme of colored belts to signify advancement in the process. Bell requested a visitation from JKA instructors and the next year Taiji Kase, Hirokazu Kanazawa, Keinosuke Enoeda and Hiroshi Shirai gave the first JKA demo at the old Kensington Town Hall on 21 April 1965. Since weapons were banned in Okinawa, the Okinawans developed strong hand-fighting techniques in order to defend themselves. In 1924, Keio University established the first university karate club in mainland Japan, and by 1932 major Japanese universities had karate clubs. Karate () (/krti/; Japanese pronunciation:[kaate] (listen); Okinawan pronunciation: [kaati]) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. Shoto, meaning "pine wave", was Funakoshi's pen name and kan meaning "hall". Kyokushin, also called knockdown karate or Japanese full contact karate, is the most common full-contact style. Body conditioning and the use of traditional training tools remain a big part of training. Katas are a predesigned set of movements that were largely used as a way to pass down knowledge before there were video cameras. Other Okinawan teachers also adopted this practice. Fans", "5 Things You Might Not Know About Robert Whitakker", "All Karate Styles and Their Differences", "Love and Rebellion: How Two Karatekas Fought Apartheid | FIGHTLAND", "Graphic Sports: Issue 624 May 6-12 1997", "Karate in Taiwan and South Korea: A Tale of Two Postcolonial Societies", "International Association of Shotokan Karate (IASK)", "Local dojo experiencing business boon after 'Cobra Kai', HIROYUKI SANADA: "PROMISES" FOR PEACE THROUGH FILM, "Wesley Snipes: Action man courts a new beginning", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karate&oldid=1141082235, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles needing additional references from May 2010, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 07:20. They were far more worried about the daily tasks of survival. By 1970 Shotokan karate was the most spread martial art in Italy apart from Judo. Bogu kumite (full contact with protective shielding of targets) rules are used in the World Koshiki Karate-Do Federation organization. Karate is a Japanese martial sport based in self-defensive and counter-attack training. [21] Many Okinawan weapons such as the sai, tonfa, and nunchaku may have originated in and around Southeast Asia. Around 1868, Master Kanryo Higaonna, the founder of Nata-te went to Fukien province and spent about 12 years there to study Chinese martial arts. The Chinese brought with them their own fighting style, Kung Fu, which is largely based on a fighting system that came from Ancient India and was developed in the Shaolin Temple. Here is a short video introducing the basic history of Karate: The roots of Karate can be traced to the indigenous fighting system used in the Ryukyu Kingdom, which included the modern-day island Okinawa. The original belts were blue (6th kyu), white (5 and 4 kyu), brown (3, 2, and 1 kyu), and black for dan grades (10 ranks). Corrections? Kano was also inspired by the "Menkyo" reward method where people were given scrolls with their names, levels, techniques learned . 12 Most Common Boxing Injuries and How to Prevent Them, 10 Best Boxing Workouts for Beginners and Professionals, 10 Boxing Footwork Drills for Beginners and Advanced, Taekwondo Belt Order: Complete Belt Ranking System Guide, 7 Best Taekwondo Weapons (Sticks and Blades Galore), How to Choose the Right Punching Bag for Your Workout. He always referred to what he taught as simply karate, but in 1936 he built a dj in Tokyo and the style he left behind is usually called Shotokan after this dj. Its hard to put an exact date on the invention of Karate. Kalaripayattu includes strikes, kicks, grappling, preset forms, weaponry, and healing methods. Karate spread rapidly in the West through popular culture. The five pinan forms became known as heian, the three naihanchi forms became known as tekki, seisan as hangetsu, Chint as gankaku, wanshu as enpi, and so on. While traditional Okinawan karate remains an art of self-defense that emphasizes mental development and character building, Japanese karate has become more of a competitive sport. But again, how many peasants and farmers would have had the energy to do this? Striking surfaces include the hands (particularly the knuckles and the outer edge), ball of the foot, heel, forearm, knee, and elbow. You can think of katas as a living library of techniques. Contests of form (kata) are also held, in which single competitors perform predetermined series of movements simulating defense and counterattack against several opponents. During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia. [66] In the 1950s, William J. Dometrich, Ed Parker, Cecil T. Patterson, Gordon Doversola, Donald Hugh Nagle, George Mattson and Peter Urban all began instructing in the US. My interest in martial arts, however, didnt wane. Some might even wonder how similar modern-day Karate is to the original Okinawan martial arts used during the Ryukyu Kingdom. He also says that it is a "Japanese art," and the view that karate was created by a Japanese in 1839 has been a common one . In light contact or semi contact kumite, points are awarded based on the criteria: good form, sporting attitude, vigorous application, awareness/zanshin, good timing and correct distance. Outside of Bell's organisation, Charles Mack traveled to Japan and studied under Masatoshi Nakayama of the Japan Karate Association who graded Mack to 1st Dan Shotokan on 4 March 1962 in Japan. [79] By the 1970s, martial arts films (especially kung fu films and Bruce Lee flicks from Hong Kong) had formed a mainstream genre and launched the "kung fu craze" which propelled karate and other Asian martial arts into mass popularity. He founded the first university karate club in the United States at California Institute of Technology in 1957. The move is taught by the character Mr. Miyagi to Daniel LaRusso and eventually used in the final scene with his arch rival Johnny Lawrence.The move involves a one-legged karate stance and launches into a flying jumping kick. Others claim that peasants and farmers would have never had the time or energy to practice martial arts. [56], Karate is divided into many styles, each with their different training methods, focuses, and cultures; though they mainly originate from the historical Okinawan parent styles of Naha-te, Tomari-te and Shuri-te. Kenpo is one of the various styles of martial arts that originated in Asia during the region's long and illustrious history. Takayuki Mikami was sent to New Orleans by the JKA in 1963. Funakoshi was a student of both Asato Ank and Itosu Ank (who had worked to introduce karate to the Okinawa Prefectural School System in 1902). The incorporation of empty-handed Chinese Kung Fu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly because of these exchanges and partly because of growing legal restrictions on the use of weaponry. All are toughened by practice blows against padded surfaces or wood. Here Funakoshi changed the name from Te-do to Karate- Do. He set out from South India to spread the philosophies of Buddhism and arrived in China around 520 A.D. and settled in a Shaolin monastery. These are kusanku and chiang nan.
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